Three Major Challenges to Retirement Security
Last Updated October 24, 2022
Most experts agree that Americans simply are not saving enough, and for good reason. Half of U.S. households with someone age 55 or over, as well as two-thirds of working Millennials, have no retirement savings at all, according to the Government Accountability Office. It is no surprise that 41 percent of Americans said their financial security in retirement is “going to take a miracle,” according to data collected by the Natixis Global Retirement Index, which is compiled by the asset management company to evaluate the state of retirement security around the world.
In addition to the sizeable number of Americans who are financially ill-prepared for retirement, major demographic changes already in progress will also affect retirement security. Over the next 30 years, the number of people age 65 or older is expected to climb by more than 30 million, while the working-age population will increase by only 25 million. That shift will place federal programs like Social Security and Medicare under considerably greater stress.
Let’s look at three major challenges to retirement security — as well as potential solutions that can help more Americans be comfortable in their later years.
1. Americans Aren’t Saving Enough in the Short-Term to Adequately Fund the Long-Term.
The Challenge: Most Americans have not saved enough money to live comfortably in retirement. As average life expectancy continues to increase, saving adequately for later-in-life expenses will be more important than ever, especially for younger workers. The National Institute for Retirement Security (NIRS) finds that Millennials (those born between 1981 and 1996) will need to set aside between 15 and 22 percent of their income in order to have adequate savings in retirement—twice as much as was recommended to previous generations. However, Millennials have proven less likely to defer a portion of their income for retirement than those in previous and subsequent generations. NIRS found that of the two-thirds of Millennials who work for an employer that offers a retirement plan, only one-third of those actually participate.
To compound the issue, additional research conducted by NIRS demonstrates that the majority of Americans are missing out on the benefits of the programs intended to support them later in life. Half of all tax breaks for defined contribution plans (plans in which employees and/or employers contribute to a retirement plan) and Individual Retirement Accounts (IRAs) go to the top 10 percent of earners. The top 30 percent of earners account for the vast majority (89 percent) of the tax benefits of the plans.
Although low levels of retirement savings among Millennials is particularly problematic, there are some disadvantages the now-largest working generation faces that make saving more difficult. One such disadvantage is that Millennials began entering the labor force around the time of the Great Recession, so many struggled to find any job, let alone one that offered retirement benefits. The COVID-19 pandemic has exacerbated the gulf between the average Millennial and financial stability. According the a study conducted by Georgetown’s University Business for Impact’s AgingWell Hub, almost half of Millennials are living paycheck to paycheck, a 6 percentage point increase from the previous year. In fact, workers of all ages face challenges in setting aside an adequate amount for retirement; NIRS finds that 79 percent of Americans agree that the average worker has difficulty saving enough on his or her own due to rising costs of long-term care, stagnating wages, increasing debt, the disappearance of the pension, and volatile stock markets, among other reasons.
Some Solutions: One practical way to get Americans to save more for retirement would be for more employers to offer matches on defined contribution plans like a 401(k) or an IRA, and reduce the waiting period for workers to become eligible for those matches. The Pew Charitable Trusts found that take-up of a retirement plan rises by about 15 percent when a match is offered. In addition, employer matches could be made available to both full- and part-time employees.
Another employer-side solution is auto-enrollment in a retirement plan; instead of having new employees opt in to a retirement plan, employers could automatically enroll them while providing the ability to edit or opt out of that plan. In a <2001 study conducted by Brigitte Madrian of the University of Chicago and Dennis Shea, a Vice President at United Health Group, participation rates skyrocketed from just 20 percent among newly eligible employees under the opt-in approach to 90 percent under automatic enrollment; enrollment increased to 98 percent within another three years. Auto-enrollment also tends to lead to fewer employees dropping out of their plans.
Increased education, particularly on matters of personal finance, has also been shown to be effective in improving retirement security. For instance, a study by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development indicates generally low levels of financial understanding among Americans, owing largely to the feeling that financial information is complicated and difficult to understand. Similarly, the report cites a survey showing that less than one-quarter of working Americans consider themselves “knowledgeable investors”. Standardizing personal financial education in schools would help encourage responsible retirement saving and increase overall financial acumen. Likewise, a study by the Pew Charitable Trusts found that while 75 percent of eligible workers age 22 or older with a high school diploma or less took up a plan when offered, 89 percent of workers with a bachelor’s degree or higher joined a plan when offered. In short, greater knowledge of personal finance leads to greater awareness for the issue of retirement security, and ultimately smarter decision-making when it comes to proper retirement planning.
2. As Average Life Expectancy Continues to Increase, So Too Does the Risk of Outliving One’s Savings.
The Challenge: America’s population is aging and living longer. Average male and female life expectancy in the US for 2021 has risen to 82 and 85 respectively, up from 77 and 78 in 1940.
While that is an undeniably positive trend, increased longevity has crucial implications for retirement security. A startlingly high proportion of American adults approaching or already in retirement have no retirement savings. What’s worse, according to data collected by Vanguard, the median 401k balance of those approaching retirement is $87,297, which may sound like a lot of money but comes out to less than $400 per month in retirement -- well below the federal poverty line for a single American ($1,073 per month). Research from NIRS shows that of the 18 million workers age 55 to 64 in 2012, over 4 million will be poor or near poor by age 65. By 2035, roughly 20 million retirees will be living in or near poverty; that number is projected to jump to 25 million by 2050. According to the Census Bureau, that means that more than one in four retirees would be impoverished by 2050. Older Americans are particularly vulnerable because they are prone to unforeseen health complications that demand hefty medical payments — all too often leading to bankruptcy for households without adequate later-in-life savings.
Some Solutions: The problem of outliving one’s retirement savings is most pressing for those already in or about to enter retirement. Although there is no real substitute for a lifetime of wise financial planning and dutiful saving, options do exist that can help supplement one’s later-in-life income and emergency preparedness. One such option is to take advantage of home equity. In a report commissioned by the Bipartisan Policy Center (BPC), researchers found that the net worth of half of all homeowners 62 and older is in their homes; they are “home-rich, but cash-poor”. Homeowners may access their home equity either in the form of a home equity line of credit or a reverse mortgage, using their homes as collateral and with interest accruing on the loan. BPC’s report notes that federal tax policy promotes this sort of mortgage debt by allowing for itemized deductions on mortgage interest payments. Although a second mortgage can be risky if not properly planned for, an occasional deduction from one’s home equity line of credit for purchases considered “of essence” is a potentially low-risk way to supplement one’s retirement income.
In a report commissioned by the Brookings Institution, for the lowest three quintiles of wealth, the home they own represents between 63 percent and 70 percent of the household’s total equity. While homeownership is a valuable asset to carry into retirement, a lack of liquidity can put the owner in a vulnerable state.
More broadly, younger workers would do well to understand early on that they are likely to live longer than previous generations, and should structure their financial planning accordingly. This would be best achieved by deferring a greater percentage of one’s income beginning as early in life as possible, increasing personal savings for short-term needs while delaying access to one’s retirement savings as long as possible, and paying off as much of one’s mortgage prior to retirement as possible in order to own the most equity in a home when applying for a home equity line of credit.
3. Social Security Will Soon Be Unable to Provide Full Benefits.
The Challenge: Social Security is the largest single federal program in the United States budget (the retirement portion of the program spent nearly $800 billion in 2017). As the enormous Baby Boom generation continues to retire in greater numbers, the Social Security Administration projects that the Old-Age and Survivors Insurance (OASI) and Disability Insurance (DI) trust funds will be depleted by 2034 and 2032, respectively. Upon joint depletion in 2034, 86 million beneficiaries will face a 21 percent across-the-board cut in benefits.
That would be problematic for a number of reasons, chief among them being the inordinately high percentage of retirees who rely on Social Security payments for their livelihood. According to NIRS, more than half of all Americans 65 and older live in families that depend on Social Security for at least half of their family income; about half of those families rely on Social Security for 90 percent or more of their income.
Social Security will be placed under even greater stress as more workers enter retirement expecting the program to provide for all or most of their later-in-life expenses. In sum, fewer workers paying taxes to support Social Security coupled with the aging of a population wherein half of the households have no personal retirement savings will present significant challenges for millions of Americans in their later years.
Some Solutions: Although the outlook for America’s Social Security beneficiaries is serious, it is not beyond repair. One proposed solution is to increase the payroll tax from its current 12.4 percent on wages and lift the cap on earnings subject to the tax. The increase in revenues for the program could help mitigate the effects of the growth in beneficiaries. Another set of solutions could address some of the age markers in the program. For example, one possibility aimed at fighting poverty at older ages would be to increase the benefits received at age 85; another would be to increase the retirement age for younger cohorts and index it to increases in longevity. In addition, some experts have recommended incorporating progressive price indexing, which would combine a reduction in benefits for high earners with an increase in benefits for those with lower earnings.
Conclusion
Retirement security in America is a significant public policy problem that threatens to affect millions of Americans. The good news is that a number of viable solutions exist that can improve the outlook for our nation’s seniors. However, reforms to Social Security are not enough to fix this issue; they need to be coupled with approaches that help individual Americans properly plan for their later-in-life expenses. As BPC notes, “today, more than in the past, personal responsibility is of central importance in retirement preparedness — individuals and families can’t afford to take a passive approach to retirement savings — but that doesn’t mean everyone should be on their own. People need the assistance of a well-designed system as they accumulate, invest, and spend down their retirement savings.”
Image credit: Getty Images
Further Reading
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