strong>Economic Impact Payments. The Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security (CARES) Act, passed on March 27, included direct payments to individuals as one of its key provisions to provide financial relief to Americans. Also referred to as stimulus checks, economic impact payments provide a refundable tax credit, which allows taxpayers a refund if their tax credit is greater than their tax liability, to individuals — typically around $1,200 per person or $2,400 for married couples, plus $500 per dependent child. The Internal Revenue Service has disbursed the majority of those payments over the past several weeks. Overall, the Joint Committee on Taxation (JCT) anticipates the payments will cost $292 billion through 2021; about half of that cost will be reflected in the budget as outlays since the payment may exceed the tax liability of the recipient.

Modification of Limitations on Losses for Taxpayers Other Than Corporations. This provision in the CARES Act enables individual taxpayers to offset their nonbusiness income for tax years 2018 through 2020 with 100 percent of their business losses. Prior to the CARES Act, taxpayers could only offset up to $250,000 of such losses. The JCT estimates that the provision will decrease federal revenues by $135 billion over the next decade.

Tax Credits for Paid Sick Leave and Paid Family Medical Leave. The Families First Coronavirus Response Act, enacted on March 18, required certain employers to provide emergency family and medical leave, as well as emergency paid sick leave, to employees through December 31, 2020. To offset the cost of providing that leave, the legislation created fully refundable tax credits for employers to use against payroll taxes. The credits are equal to 100 percent of qualified wages plus the employer’s contributions to health insurance premiums. The JCT estimates that such credits will reduce federal revenues by $95 billion and increase outlays by $10 billion, the majority of which would be incurred through 2021.

Employee Retention Credit. To incentivize businesses to keep employees on their payroll, this credit has been made available to employers who were required to close due to the pandemic and to employers who face a sizeable decline in revenues in 2020. The credit is equivalent to 50 percent of qualified wages paid by employers from March 13 through December 31, up to a maximum $5,000 credit per employee. The JCT estimates that the credit will reduce federal revenues by $52 billion through 2021 and increase outlays by $3 billion over the same period.

Modifications for Net Operating Losses. Prior to the CARES Act, businesses could offset up to 80 percent of their taxable income in a given year with any net operating losses they incurred in the previous year. The CARES Act modified that limitation so businesses can now offset up to 100 percent of their taxable income for net operating losses incurred over the three-year period from 2018 to 2020. This provision also allows businesses to carry back such losses for refunds of tax liabilities over the previous five years. The JCT estimates that such modifications will lead to a net $26 billion reduction in federal revenues throughout 2030.

Other. The CARES Act included a number of other provisions that affect federal revenues. For example, employers are able to delay payment of their payroll taxes from March 27 through December 31 of this year; half of that deferred amount would be due by December 31, 2021 and the remaining half would be due by December 31, 2022. While that provision will substantially delay tax payments for 2020, JCT estimates that most of those revenues will eventually be collected. Examples of other revenue-reduction provisions in the act include modifications of limitation on business interest expense deductions and an expansion of qualified medical expenses. Taken together, those “other” provisions will decrease revenues by about $50 billion throughout 2030.

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